KÄlidÄsa was a Classical Sanskrit author who is often considered ancient India 's greatest poet and playwright. His plays and poetry are primarily based on Hindu Puranas and philosophy. His surviving works consist of three plays, two epic poems and two shorter poems.
Much about his life is unknown except what can be inferred from his poetry and plays. His works cannot be dated with precision, but they were most likely authored before the 5th century CE.
Scholars have speculated that KÄlidÄsa may have lived near the Himalayas , in the vicinity of Ujjain , and in Kalinga . This hypothesis is based on KÄlidÄsa's detailed description of the Himalayas in his KumÄrasambhava , the display of his love for Ujjain in MeghadÅĢta , and his highly eulogistic descriptions of Kalingan emperor HemÄngada in RaghuvaášÅa (sixth sarga ).
Lakshmi Dhar Kalla (1891â1953), a Sanskrit scholar and a Kashmiri Pandit , wrote a book titled The birth-place of Kalidasa (1926), which tries to trace the birthplace of KÄlidÄsa based on his writings. He concluded that KÄlidÄsa was born in Kashmir , but moved southwards, and sought the patronage of local rulers to prosper. The evidence cited by him from KÄlidÄsa's writings includes:
Description of flora and fauna that is found in Kashmir, but not in Ujjain or Kalinga: the saffron plant, the deodar trees, musk deer etc.
Description of geographical features common to Kashmir, such as tarns and glades
Mention of some sites of minor importance that, according to Kalla, can be identified with places in Kashmir. These sites are not very famous outside Kashmir, and therefore, could not have been known to someone not in close touch with Kashmir.
Reference to certain legends of Kashmiri origin, such as that of the Nikumbha (mentioned in the Kashmiri text NÄĢlamata PurÄáša ); mention (in Shakuntala ) of the legend about Kashmir being created from a lake. This legend, mentioned in NÄĢlamata PurÄáša , states that a tribal leader named Ananta drained a lake to kill a demon. Ananta named the site of the former lake (now land) as "Kashmir", after his father KaÅyapa .
According to Kalla, ÅakuntalÄ is an allegorical dramatization of Pratyabhijna philosophy (a branch of Kashmir Shaivism ). Kalla further argues that this branch was not known outside of Kashmir at that time.
Another old legend recounts that KÄlidÄsa visits KumÄradÄsa , the king of Lanka and, because of treachery, is murdered there. Legend says Kalidas was born in Kaviltha village 3 kms from Shakteepeeth Kalimath Rudraprayag district on banks of Mandakini river .Each year arpund june 17 fair is organized as Kalidas Birth Celebrations. See pic
Several ancient and medieval books state that KÄlidÄsa was a court poet of a king named VikramÄditya . A legendary king named VikramÄditya is said to have ruled from Ujjain around the 1st century BCE. A section of scholars believe that this legendary VikramÄditya is not a historical figure at all. There are other kings who ruled from Ujjain and adopted the title VikramÄditya , the most notable ones being Chandragupta II (r. 380 CE â 415 CE) and YaÅodharman ( 6th century CE).
The most popular theory is that KÄlidÄsa flourished during the reign of Chandragupta II, and therefore lived around the 4th-5th century CE. Several Western scholars have supported this theory, since the days of William Jones and AB Keith. Modern western Indologists and scholars like Stanley Wolpert also support this theory. Many Indian scholars, such as Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi and Ram Gupta, also place KÄlidÄsa in this period. According to this theory, his career might have extended to the reign of KumÄragupta I (r. 414 â 455 CE), and possibly, to that of Skandagupta(r. 455 â 467 CE).
The earliest paleographical evidence of KÄlidÄsa is found in a Sanskrit inscription dated c. 473 CE , found at Mandsaur 's Sun temple, with some verses that appear to imitate MeghadÅĢta Purva, 66; and the áštusaášhÄra V, 2â3, although KÄlidÄsa is not named. His name, along with that of the poet BhÄravi , is first mentioned the 634 CE Aihole inscription found in Karnataka
Some scholars, including M. Srinivasachariar and TS Narayana Sastri, believe that works attributed to "KÄlidÄsa" are not by a single person. According to Srinivasachariar, writers from 8th and 9th centuries hint at the existence of three noted literary figures who share the name KÄlidÄsa. These writers include Devendra (author of Kavi-Kalpa-LatÄ ), RÄjaÅekhara and Abhinanda. Sastri lists the works of these three Kalidasas as follows:
KÄlidÄsa aka MÄtášgupta, author of Setu-Bandha and three plays ( AbhijÃąÄnaÅÄkuntalam , MÄlavikÄgnimitram and VikramÅrvaÅÄĢyam).
KÄlidÄsa alias Medharudra, author of KumÄrasambhava , MeghadÅĢta and RaghuvaášÅa .
KÄlidÄsa alias Kotijit: author of áštusaášhÄra , ÅyÄmala-Daášá¸akam and ÅášngÄratilaka among other works.
Sastri goes on to mention six other literary figures known by the name "KÄlidÄsa": Parimala KÄlidÄsa alias Padmagupta (author of NavasÄhasÄáš
ka Carita ), KÄlidÄsa alias Yamakakavi (author of Nalodaya ), Nava KÄlidÄsa (author of Champu BhÄgavata ), Akbariya Kalidasa (author of several samasya s or riddles), KÄlidÄsa VIII (author of Lambodara Prahasana ), and Abhinava KÄlidÄsa alias MÄdhava (author of Saáš
kášŖepa-Åaáš
kara-Vijayam ).
According to K. Krishnamoorthy, "VikramÄditya" and "KÄlidÄsa" were used as common nouns to describe any patron king and any court poet, respectively.
poems
KÄlidÄsa is the author of two mahÄkÄvyas , KumÄrasambhava (KumÄra meaning Kartikeya , and sambhava meaning possibility of an event taking place, in this context a birth. KumÄrasambhava thus means the birth of a Kartikeya) and RaghuvaášÅa ("Dynasty of Raghu").
KumÄrasambhava describes the birth and adolescence of the goddess PÄrvatÄĢ , her marriage to Åiva and the subsequent birth of their son KumÄra (KÄrtikeya).
RaghuvaášÅa is an epic poem about the kings of the Raghu dynasty.
poems
KÄlidÄsa also wrote the MeghadÅĢta, a khaášá¸akÄvya. It describes the story of a YakášŖa trying to send a message to his lover through a cloud. KÄlidÄsa set this poem to the mandÄkrÄntÄ meter, which is known for its lyrical sweetness. It is one of KÄlidÄsa's most popular poems and numerous commentaries on the work have been written.
Kalidasa also wrote the shyamala Dandakam descripting the beauty of Goddess Matangi .
play
KÄlidÄsa wrote three plays. Among them, AbhijÃąÄnaÅÄkuntalam ("Of the recognition of ÅakuntalÄ") is generally regarded as a masterpiece. It was among the first Sanskrit works to be translated into English, and has since been translated into many languages.
MÄlavikÄgnimitram ( Pertaining to MÄlavikÄ and Agnimitra ) tells the story of King Agnimitra , who falls in love with the picture of an exiled servant girl named MÄlavikÄ. When the queen discovers her husband's passion for this girl, she becomes infuriated and has MÄlavikÄ imprisoned, but as fate would have it, MÄlavikÄ is in fact a true-born princess, thus legitimizing the affair.
AbhijÃąÄnaÅÄkuntalam ( Of the recognition of ÅakuntalÄ ) tells the story of King DuášŖyanta who, while on a hunting trip, meets ÅakuntalÄ , the adopted daughter of the sage Kanu and real daughter of Vishwamitra and Menaka and marries her. A mishap befalls them when he is summoned back to court: Åakuntala, pregnant with their child, inadvertently offends a visiting Durvasa and incurs a curse, whereby DuášŖyanta forgets her entirely until he sees the ring he has left with her. On her trip to DuášŖyanta's court in an advanced state of pregnancy, she loses the ring, and has to come away unrecognized by him. The ring is found by a fisherman who recognizes the royal seal and returns it to DuášŖyanta, who regains his memory of Åakuntala and sets out to find her. Goethe was fascinated by KÄlidÄsa's AbhijÃąÄnaÅÄkuntalam , which became known in Europe, after being translated from English to German.
VikramÅrvaÅÄĢyam ( ÅĒrvaÅÄĢ Won by Valor ) tells the story of King Pururavas and celestial nymph ÅĒrvaÅÄĢ who fall in love. As an immortal, she has to return to the heavens, where an unfortunate accident causes her to be sent back to the earth as a mortal with the curse that she will die (and thus return to heaven) the moment her lover lays his eyes on the child which she will bear him. After a series of mishaps, including ÅĒrvaÅÄĢ's temporary transformation into a vine, the curse is lifted, and the lovers are allowed to remain together on the earth.
Montgomery Schuyler, Jr. published a bibliography of the editions and translations of the drama ÅakuntalÄ while preparing his work "Bibliography of the Sanskrit Drama". Schuyler later completed his bibliography series of the dramatic works of KÄlidÄsa by compiling bibliographies of the editions and translations of VikramÅrvaÅÄĢyam and MÄlavikÄgnimitra . Sir William Jones published an English translation of ÅakuntalÄ in 1791 CE and áštusaášhÄra was published by him in original text during 1792 CE.
False attributions and false Kalidasas
A large number of long and short poems have incorrectly been attributed to Kalidasa, for instance the Bhramarastaka, the Ghatakarpara, the Mangalastaka, the Nalodaya (a work by Ravideva), the Puspabanavilasa, which is sometimes also ascribed to Vararuci or Ravideva, the Raksasakavya , the Rtusamhara, the Sarasvatistotra, the Srngararasastaka, the Srngaratilaka, the Syamaladandaka and the short, didactic text on prosody, the Srutabodha, otherwise thought to be by Vararuci or the Jaina Ajitasena. In addition to the non-authentic works, there are also some "false" Kalidasas. Immensely proud of their poetic achievement, several later poets have either been barefaced enough to call themselves Kalidasa or have invented pseudonyms such as Nava-Kalidasa, "New Kalidasa", Akbariya-Kalidasa,
KÄlidÄsa has had a great influence on several Sanskrit works, on all Indian literature. He also had a great impact on Rabindranath Tagore . MeghadÅĢta's romanticism is found in Tagore's poems on the monsoons. Sanskrit plays by KÄlidÄsa influenced late eighteenth and early nineteenth-century European literature. According to Dale Carnegie , Father of Modern Medicine Sir William Osler always kept on his desk a poem written by Kalidasa.
BÄášabhaášáša , the 7th-century CE Sanskrit prose-writer and poet, has written: nirgatÄsu na vÄ kasya kÄlidÄsasya sÅĢktiášŖu, prÄĢtirmadhurasÄrdrÄsu maÃąjarÄĢášŖviva jÄyate.
Jayadeva , a later poet, has called KÄlidÄsa a kavikulaguru , 'the lord of poets' and the vilÄsa , 'graceful play' of the muse of poetry.
KÄlidÄsa has been called the Shakespeare of India. The scholar and philologist Sir William Jones said to be the first to do so. Writing about this, author and scholar MR Kale says âthe very comparison of KÄlidÄsa to Shakespeare is the highest form of eulogy that could be bestowed upon him.â
The Indologist Sir Monier Williams has written: "No composition of KÄlidÄsa displays more the richness of his poetical genius, the exuberance of his imagination, the warmth and play of his fancy, his profound knowledge of the human heart, his delicate appreciation of its most refined and tender emotions, his familiarity with the workings and counterworkings of its conflicting feelings - in short more entitles him to rank as the Shakespeare of India."
Download and get Bkakti Ka Mahasangam !
.jpg)
